Dates

ByОлена Коновалова
DATES
      Dates – an important component of the daily diet in the Middle East and North Africa. They are consumed either fresh (with a moisture content of 70-80%) or sun-dried (moisture content – 20-30%). Sun-dried dates are consumed throughout the year, but their use peaks during the month of Ramadan, for breaking the fast before meals. The average daily consumption of dates per capita is 164 g in Oman and 114 g in the United Arab Emirates. Arabs refer to them as “desert candy”.
 
     The most common method of drying dates is sun drying for about 7-10 days, depending on the daytime temperature (which can range from 30 to 50ºC) and humidity (60-85%). Soft dates are dried in dryers at a temperature of 65ºC and relative humidity from 40% to 60% (to avoid cementing the product). Importantly, sulfur dioxide is not used for drying dates.
 
     The fruits of dates are not very rich in vitamins, except for pantothenic acid (15.6% of the daily norm per 100 g). The mineral composition is dominated by: silicon (553.7% of the daily norm), chromium (159.0%), boron (131.4%), rubidium (63.0%), zinc (42.1%), potassium (26.1%), copper (26.0%), nickel (22.0%), manganese (19.8%), vanadium (15.0%), magnesium (14.6%), iron (10.3%), strontium (10.0%).
 
    Dates are rich in phytosterols (66.8% of the daily norm per 100 g), with beta-sitosterol being predominant (55.5%).
     However, dates are particularly notable for their content of carbohydrates (22.3%), mono- and disaccharides (135.7%), where glucose (253.9%) and fructose (70.1%) are significantly predominant, as well as fiber (32.0%) and pectin (46.0%); they contain a small amount of starch (0.4 g per 100 g) and maltose (0.12-0.30 g); the content of sucrose significantly depends on the variety and ranges from 0.53 to 23.84 g per 100 g.
     The content of total purine bases is low: 8.3% of the daily norm per 100 g.
     It should be noted that dates are capable of accumulating the toxic microelement strontium (16.7% of the daily norm per 100 g).
Caloric content per 100 g: 282 kcal
Water per 100 g: 20.53 g
Ash per 100 g: 1.6 g

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
 
Vitamins, macro- and microelements, nutrients per 100 g
VITAMINS
Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually*
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) 0.027-0.078 mg 3.1% 5
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) 0.075-0.207 mg 7.1% 10
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) 0.78 mg 15.6% 20
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) 0.097-0.172 mg 6.7% 5
Vitamin B9 (folic acid) 17.3-53.8 mcg 8.9% 10
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) 0.0 mcg 0.0% 0
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 3.3-3.9 mg 5.1% 5
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 0.05 mg 0.3% 0
Beta-tocopherol 0.0 mg  0.0% 0
Gamma-tocopherol 0.05 mg 0.3% 0
Delta-tocopherol 0.0 mg 0.0% 0
Vitamin D (ergocalciferol) 0.0 mcg 0.0% 0
Vitamin PP (nicotinic acid) 1.27-1.44 mg 6.8% 5
Vitamin K (phylloquinone) 2.7 mcg 2.3% 5
Biotin 4.2 mcg 8.4% 10
Beta-carotene 6.0-59.8 mcg 0.7% 0
Alpha-carotene  0.0 mcg 0.0% 0
Lutein + zeaxanthin 75.0-289.0 mcg 3.0% 5
Beta-cryptoxanthin 1.7 mcg 0.03% 0
Lycopene 0.0 mcg 0.0% 0
Choline 6.3 mg 1.3% 0
Methylmethionine sulfonium (vitamin U) 0.0 mg 0.0% 0
Betaine trimethylglycine 0.4 mg 0.04% 0

* Full pitcher – 100% of the daily norm; empty – 0-1% of the daily norm.

MINERAL ELEMENTS

Macroelements

 

Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually
Potassium 591.0-713.0 mg 26.1% 30
Calcium 39.0-99.1 mg 6.3% 5
Silicon 166.1 mg 553.7% 10010010010010050
Magnesium 44.9-71.6 mg 14.6% 20
Sodium 2.5-32.9 mg 1.4% 0
Sulfur 6.9 mg 0.7% 0
Phosphorus 43.8-70.7 mg 7.2% 10
Chlorine 13.1 mg 0.6% 0

 

Microelements and ultramicroelements

 

Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually
Aluminum 157.7 mcg 0.4% 0
Boron 92.0 mcg 131.4% 10030
Vanadium 6.0 mcg 15.0% 20
Iron 0.80-2.30 mg 10.3% 10
Iodine 1.10-2.30 mcg 1.1% 0
Cobalt 0.18 mcg 1.8% 0
Lithium 6.0 mcg 6.0% 5
Manganese 380.0-410.0 mcg 19.8% 20
Copper 230.0-290.0 mcg 26.0% 30
Molybdenum 1.4 mcg 2.0% 5
Arsenic 0.8 mcg 6.7% 5
Nickel 25.0-41.0 mcg 22.0% 20
Tin 16.2 mcg 0.8% 0
Rubidium 63.0 mcg 63.0% 60
Lead 0.7 mcg 7.0% 10
Selenium 2.0-3.0 mcg 3.8% 5
Strontium 80.0 mcg 10.0% 10
Thallium 0.01 mcg 0.5% 0
Fluorine 8.0 mcg 0.2% 0
Chromium 59.0-100.0 mcg 159.0% 10060
Zinc 510.0-9600.0 mcg 42.1% 40
Zirconium 3.0 mcg 6.0% 5

 

PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS

 

Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually
Total protein content 1.8-2.0 g 2.4% 5
Content of essential amino acids 0.444-0.498 g 2.2% 5
Content of non-essential amino acids 0.823-0.951 g 1.6% 0

 

Essential Amino Acids

 

Name of the acid Content, g per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually
Valine 0.064 g 2.6%  5
Histidine 0.027-0.029 g 1.3% 0
Isoleucine 0.045-0.047 g 2.3% 5
Leucine 0.086-0.099 g 2.0% 5
Lysine 0.054-0.067 g 1.5% 0
Methionine 0.022-0.026 g 1.3% 0
Threonine 0.052-0.054 g 2.2% 5
Tryptophan 0.041-0.054 g 4.8% 5
Phenylalanine 0.053-0.058 g 1.9% 5

 

Non-Essential Amino Acids

 

Name of the acid Content, g per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually
Alanine 0.093 g 1.4% 0
Arginine 0.067-0.081 g 1.2% 0
Aspartic acid 0.120-0.152 g 1.1% 0
Glycine 0.090-0.107 g 2.8% 5
Glutamic acid 0.210-0.244 g 1.7% 0
Proline 0.105-0.120 g 2.5% 5
Serine 0.067 g 0.8% 0
Tyrosine 0.029-0.041 g 1.2% 0
Cystine 0.042-0.046 g 2.4% 5



FATS AND FATTY ACIDS

 

Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually
Total fat content 0.5-1.3 g 0.9% 0
Content of unsaturated fatty acids 0.06 g 0.1% 0
Content of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids 0.0 g 0.0% 0
Content of omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids 0.02 g 0.2% 0
Content of saturated fatty acids 0.03 g 0.1% 0

 

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

 

Name of the acid Content, g per 100 g of product
Palmitoleic C 16:1 (omega-7) 0.0 g
Oleic C 18:1 (omega-9) 0.04 g
Linoleic C 18:2 (omega-6) 0.02 g
Linolenic C 18:3 (omega-3) 0.0 g
Stearidonic C 18:4 (omega-3) 0.0 g
Gadoleic C 20:1 (omega-11) 0.0 g
Arachidonic C 20:4 (omega-6) 0.0 g
Eicosapentaenoic C 20:5 (omega-3) 0.0 g
Erucic C 22:1 (omega-9) 0.0 g
Clupanodonic C 22:5 (omega-3) 0.0 g
Docosahexaenoic C 22:6 (omega-3) 0.0 g
Nervonic C 24:1 (omega-9) 0.0 g

 

Saturated Fatty Acids

 

Name of the acid Content, g per 100 g of product
Lauric C 12:0 0.0 g
Myristic C 14:0 0.0 g
Pentadecanoic 15:0 0.0 g
Palmitic C 16:0 0.02 g
Stearic C 18:0 0.01 g
Arachidic C 20:0 0.0 g
Behenic C 22:0 0.0 g
Lignoceric C 24:0 0.0 g

 

STEROLS

 

Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of Daily Value
in figures visually
Total phytosterols 36.8 mg 66.8% 70
Campesterol 1.8 mg 3.2% 5
Beta-sitosterol 22.2 mg 55.5% 60
Stigmasterol 4.2 mg 12.0% 10
Cholesterol 0.0 mg 0.0% –

 

CARBOHYDRATES

 

Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of Daily Value
in figures visually
Total carbohydrate content 74.97-81.3 g 22.3% 20
Mono- and disaccharides 66.47-69.2 g 135.7% 10030
Glucose 17.1-33.68 g 253.9% 10010050
Fructose 17.2-31.95 g 70.1% 70
Galactose 0.0 g 0.0% 0
Sucrose 0.53-23.84 g – –
Lactose 0.0 g 0.0% 0
Starch 0.4 g –  –
Maltose 0.12-0.30 g – –
Fiber 8.0 g 32.0% 30
Pectin 2.1-2.5 g 46.0% 50
PURINE BASES
Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of Daily Value
in figures visually
Total purine content 21.0 mg 16.7% 20

 

Units of measurement:
Piece (weight of one fruit): 8.0-15.0 g
Tea glass: 250.0 g
Faceted glass: 200.0 g
Teaspoon: 7.0 g
Tablespoon: 20.0 g

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