Lemon
LEMON (Fruit Pulp and Peel with Zest)
Both the endocarp (pulp) and the exocarp (peel) of the lemon (Citrus limon) are characterized by an exceptional concentration of ascorbic acid (constituting 59.6% and 184.3% of the Daily Value [DV] per 100 g, respectively). The peel is further distinguished by a significant concentration of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) (9.0% DV), which is approximately 2.3 times the concentration found in the pulp. Regarding the mineral profile, the pulp possesses a high concentration of boron (250.0% DV per 100 g), lithium (10.3%), vanadium (10.0%), and cobalt (10.0%); the peel is notable for its calcium (12.2%) and copper (9.0%) content.
The pulp is distinguished by its relatively high concentration of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (specifically alpha-linolenic acid, 15.9% DV per 100 g), while the peel is characterized by its total phytosterol content (63.6% DV).
In contrast to the peel, the pulp of the lemon fruit contains a substantial mono- and disaccharide fraction, primarily glucose (14.0% DV).
The peel exhibits a high concentration of dietary fiber (42.4%) and pectic substances (40.0%). Although the pectin concentration in the pulp is also significant (10.0%), it is fourfold higher in the peel.
Lemons are devoid of starch, and the pulp contains minor quantities of sucrose (0.4 g per 100 g).
The total purine base content per 100 g of pulp constitutes 6.7% of the daily allowance.
The concentration of oxalic acid per 100 g of pulp is 83 mg, representing 20.8% of the maximum tolerable daily intake (for further details, see Rhubarb).
Calorie content per 100 g: 29 kcal (flesh – m) and 47 kcal (peel with zest – c)
Water in 100 g: 89.0 g (m) and 82.0 g (c)
Ash in 100 g: 0.30 g (m) and 0.43 g (c)
VITAMINS
Water in 100 g: 89.0 g (m) and 82.0 g (c)
Ash in 100 g: 0.30 g (m) and 0.43 g (c)
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Vitamins, macro- and microelements, nutrients per 100 g
VITAMINS
| Name | Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product | % of daily requirement | |
| in numbers | visually | ||
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | 0.04 mg (m) and 0.06 mg (c) | 2.4% (m) and 3.5% (c) |  and m c |
| Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) | 0.02 mg (m) and 0.08 mg (c) | 1.0% (m) and 4.0% (c) |  and mg |
| Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) | 0.19 mg (m) and 0.32 mg (c) | 3.8% (m) and 6.4% (c) | and  mg |
| Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | 0.08 mg (m) and 0.17 (c) | 4.0% (m) and 9.0% (c) | and mg |
| Vitamin B9 (folic acid) | 11.0 mcg (m) and 13.0 mcg (c) | 2.8% (m) and 3.2% (c) | and m |
| Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) | 0.0 mcg (m, c) | 0.0% (m, c) | m, c |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | 53.0 mg (m) and 129.0 mg (c) | 59.0% (m) and 184.3% (c) |  and   mg kg |
| Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) | 0.15 mg (m) and 0.25 mg (c) | 1.0% (m) and 1.7% (c) | and m |
| Beta-tocopherol | No data | ||
| Gamma-tocopherol | No data | ||
| Delta-tocopherol | No data | ||
| Vitamin D (ergocalciferol) | 0.0 mcg (m, c) | 0.0% (m, c) | m, c |
| Vitamin PP (nicotinic acid) | 0.1 mg (m) and 0.4 mg (c) | 1.0% (m) and 2.0% (c) | and mg kg |
| Vitamin K (phylloquinone) | 0.0 mcg (m, c) | 0.0% (m, c) | μg |
| Biotin | 0.5 mg (m) | 1.0% (m) | mg |
| Beta-carotene | 3.0 mcg (m) and 7.0 mcg (c) | 0.1% (m) and 0.2% (c) | and m c |
| Alpha-carotene | 1.0 μg (m, c) | 0.02% (m, c) | m, c |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | 11.0 μg (m) and 18.0 μg (c) | 0.2% (m) and 0.3% (c) | and mg mg |
| Beta-cryptoxanthin | 20.0 μg (m) and 45.0 μg (c) | 0.4% (m) and 0.9% (c) | and m c |
| Lycopene | 0.0 mcg (m, c) | 0.0% (m, c) | mg |
| Choline | 5.1 mg (m) and 8.5 mg (c) | 1.0% (m) and 2.0% (c) | and mg kg |
| Methylmethioninesulfonium (vitamin U) | 0.0 mg (m, c) | 0.0% (m, c) | m, c |
| Betaine trimethylglycine | 5.1 mg (m) | 1.0% (m) | m |
* Full jug – 100% of the daily norm; empty – 0-1% of the daily norm.
MINERAL ELEMENTS
Macroelements
| Name | Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product | % of daily requirement | |
| in numbers | Visually | ||
| Potassium | 138.0 mg (m) and 160.0 mg (c) | 6.0% (m) and 6.4% (c) | and m t |
| Calcium | 26.0 mg (m) and 134 mg (c) | 2.4% (m) and 12.2% (c) | and mg kg |
| Silicon | 2.0 mg (m) | 6.7% (m) | m |
| Magnesium | 8.0 mg (m) and 15.0 mg (c) | 2.0% (m) and 3.8% (c) | and m c |
| Sodium | 2.0 mg (m) and 6.0 mg (c) | 0.2% (m) and 0.5% (c) | and m c |
| Sulfur | 10.0 mg (m) | 1.0% (m) | m |
| Phosphorus | 16.0-22.0 mg (m) and 12.0 mg (c) | 2.3% (m) and 1.5% (c) | and m t |
| Chlorine | 5.0 mg (m) | 0.2% (m) | m |
Microelements and ultramicroelements
| Name | Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product | % of daily requirement | |
| in numbers | Visually | ||
| Aluminum | 44.6 μg (m) | 0.1% (m) | m |
| Boron | 175.0 μg (m) | 250.0% (m) |  m |
| Vanadium | 4.0 μg (m) | 10.0% (m) | m |
| Iron | 0.13-0.60 mg (m) and 0.8-1.0 mg (c) | 3.0% (m) and 6.0% (c) | and mg kg |
| Iodine | 0.1-0.6 μg (m) | 0.3% (m) | m |
| Cobalt | 1.0 μg (m) | 10.0% (m) | m |
| Lithium | 10.3 μg (m) | 10.3% (m) | m |
| Manganese | 30.0-40.0 μg (m) | 1.8% (m) | m |
| Copper | 34.0-69.0 μg (m) and 90.0 μg (c) | 5.1% (m) and 9.0% (c) | and m c |
| Molybdenum | 1.0 μg (m) | 1.4% (m) | m |
| Arsenic | 0.01 mcg (m) | 0.1% (m) | m |
| Nickel | 0.9-23.9 μg (m) | 7.3% (m) | m |
| Tin | 0.03 μg (m) | 0.002% (m) | m |
| Rubidium | 5.1 μg (m) | 5.1% (m) | m |
| Lead | 0.22 μg (m) | 2.2% (m) | m |
| Selenium | 0.12-0.40 μg (m) and 0.70 μg (c) | 0.4% (m) and 1.1% (c) | and m t |
| Strontium | 0.05 μg (m) | 0.006% (m) | m |
| Thallium | 0.06 μg (m) | 3.0% (m) | m |
| Fluorine | 10.0 μg (m) | 0.3% (m) | m |
| Chromium | 0.2 μg (m) | 0.4% (m) | mg |
| Zinc | 50.0-300.0 mcg (m) and 250.0 (c) | 1.5% (m) and 2.1% (c) | and m c |
PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
| Name | Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product | % of daily requirement | |
| in numbers | visually | ||
| Total protein content | 1.1 g (m) and 1.5 g (c) | 1.4% (m) and 1.9% (c) | and m c |
| Essential amino acid content | 0.11 g (m) | 0.5% (m) | m |
| Content of replaceable amino acids | 0.289 g (m) | 0.5% (m) | m |
Essential amino acids
| Name of acid | Content, g per 100 g of product | % of daily requirement | |
| in numbers | Visually | ||
| Valine | 0.018 g (m) | 0.7% (m) | m |
| Histidine | 0.007 g (m) | 0.3% (m) | m |
| Isoleucine | 0.014 g (m) | 0.7% (m) | m |
| Leucine | 0.012 g (m) | 0.3% (m) | m |
| Lysine | 0.025 g (m) | 0.6% (m) | m |
| Methionine | 0.007 g (m) | 0.4% (m) | m |
| Threonine | 0.007 g (m) | 0.3% (m) | m |
| Tryptophan | 0.002 g (m) | 0.2% (m) | m |
| Phenylalanine | 0.018 g (m) | 0.6% (m) | m |
Replaceable amino acids
| Acid name | Content, g per 100 g of product | % of daily requirement | |
| in numbers | Visually | ||
| Alanine | 0.029 g (m) | 0.4% (m) | m |
| Arginine | 0.030 g (m) | 0.5% (m) | m |
| Aspartic acid | 0.069 g (m) | 0.6% (m) | m |
| Glycine | 0.048 g (m) | 1.3% (m) | m |
| Glutamic acid | 0.057 g (m) | 0.4% (m) | m |
| Proline | 0.026 g (m) | 0.6% (m) | m |
| Serine | 0.014 g (m) | 0.2% (m) | m |
| Tyrosine | 0.010 g (m) | 0.3% (m) | m |
| Cystine | 0.006 g (m) | 0.3% (m) | m |
FATS AND FATTY ACIDS
| Name | Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product | % of daily allowance | |
| in numbers | Visually | ||
| Total fat content | 0.3 g (m, c) | 0.3% (m, c) | m, c |
| Unsaturated fatty acid content | 0.611 g (m) and 0.100 g (c) | 1.5% (m) and 0.2% (c) | and m kg |
| Omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid content | 0.159 g (m) | 15.9% (m) |  m |
| Omega-6 unsaturated fatty acid content | 0.385 g (m) | 3.9% (m) | m |
| Saturated fatty acid content | 0.269 g (m) and 0.04 g (c) | 1.1% (m) and 0.2% (c) | and m c |
Unsaturated fatty acids
| Acid name | Content, g per 100 g of product |
| Palmitoleic C 16:1 (omega-7) | 0.006 g (m) |
| Oleic C 18:1 (omega-9) | 0.061 g (m) and 0.010 g (c) |
| Linoleic C 18:2 (omega-6) | 0.385 g (m) and 0.060 g (c) |
| Linolenic C 18:3 (omega-3) | 0.159 g (m) and 0.030 g (c) |
| Stearidonic C 18:4 (omega-3) | 0.0 g |
| Gadoleic C 20:1 (omega-11) | 0 |
| Arachidic C 20:4 (omega-6) | 0 |
| Eicosapentaenoic C 20:5 (omega-3) | 0 |
| Erucic acid C 22:1 (omega-9) | 0 |
| Clupanoid C 22:5 (omega-3) | 0 |
| Docosahexaenoic C 22:6 (omega-3) | 0 |
| Nervonova C 24:1 (omega-9) | 0 |
Saturated fatty acids
| Acid name | Content, g per 100 g of product |
| Lauric C 12:0 | 0 |
| Myristic C 14:0 | 0.006 g (m) and 0.0 g (c) |
| Palmitic C 16:0 | 0.214 g (m) and 0.040 (c) |
| Stearic C 18:0 | 0.012 g (m) and 0.0 g (c) |
| Arachidic C 20:0 | 0.0 g |
| Behenic C 22:0 | 0.0 g |
| Lignoceric C 24:0 | 0 |
Sterols
| Name | Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product | % of daily requirement | |
| in numbers | Visually | ||
| Total phytosterols | 3.3 mg (m) and 35.0 mg (c) | 6.0% (m) and 63.6% (c) | and  m t |
| Campesterol | No data | ||
| Beta-sitosterol | No data | ||
| Stigmasterol | No data | ||
| Cholesterol | 0.0 mg (m,c) | 0% (m,c) | – |
CARBOHYDRATES
| Name | Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product | % of daily allowance | |
| in numbers | Visually | ||
| Total carbohydrate content | 9.3 g (m) and 16.0 g (c) | 2.7% (m) and 4.6% (c) | and m c |
| Mono- and disaccharides | 3.2 g (m) and 4.0 g (c) | 6.4% (m) and 8.0% (c) | and m |
| Glucose | 1.4 g (m) | 14.0% (m) | m |
| Fructose | 1.4 g (m) | 4.0% (m) | m |
| Galactose | 0.0 g (m) | 0.0% (m) | m |
| Sucrose | 0.4 g (m) | – | – |
| Lactose | 0.0 g (m) | 0.0% (m) | m |
| Starch | 0.0 g (m) | – | – |
| Maltose | 0.0 g (m) | – | – |
| Fiber | 1.2 g (m) and 10.6 g (c) | 4.8% (m) and 42.4% (c) | and  m c |
| Pectin | 0.5 g (m) and 2.0 g (c) | 10.0% (m) and 40.0% (c) | and m c |
PURINE BASES
| Name | Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product | % of daily requirement | |
| in numbers | Visually | ||
| Purine content | 8.0 mg (m) | 6.7% (m) | m |
Units of measurement:
Piece: 60.0-100.0 g
Teaspoon: 250.0 g
Glass: 200.0 g
Teaspoon: 7.0 g
Tablespoon: 20.0 g