Raisin

ByОлена Коновалова
RAISINS
     Raisins are essentially dehydrated grapes (fresh grapes usually contain about 80% water, while in raisins, the moisture content decreases to 15% due to drying), so the nutrient composition of these two products is similar (raisins are rich in vitamins, mineral elements, proteins, and carbohydrates from grapes are concentrated).

      The mineral content in raisins is 3-7 times higher than in grapes: raisins are rich in boron, potassium, phosphorus, iron, rubidium, cobalt. In terms of boron, it surpasses all other food products. The content of purines in raisins is also significantly high.
     However, there are certain differences in the nutrient composition of grapes and raisins. During the drying process, grapes undergo changes in the composition of sugars, enzymes, and many pigments. For example, grapes contain pentoses as the main monosaccharides, while raisins contain hexoses. The enzyme polyphenol oxidase, present in grapes, is absent in raisins. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophylls (lutein and its isomer zeaxanthin), alpha- and beta-carotenes are present in raisins in significantly lower amounts. The content of vitamins C, E, and K is lower in raisins compared to grapes, unlike the B vitamins, nicotinic acid, and choline, although in the latter cases, it is not high. The reduction in some vitamins is likely related to their degradation due to high temperatures and enzymes during the drying process.
      Like grapes, raisins are not very rich in vitamins, but are distinguished by a high content of several mineral elements, among which the following prevail: boron (in 100 g – 2017.9% of the daily norm), rubidium (respectively – 176.0%), strontium (90.4%), cobalt (80%), vanadium (62.5%), silicon (61.7%), copper (34.0%), potassium (32.2%), arsenic (25.0%), iron (21.3%), molybdenum (20.0%), chromium (17.6%), nickel (17.0%), manganese (15.8%), phosphorus (14.4%), magnesium (8.6%), thallium (7.5%).
     Raisins are very rich in carbohydrates (in 100 g – 22.3% of the daily norm), mainly – mono- and disaccharides (respectively – 118.4%), among which glucose (in 100 g – 277.5% of the daily norm) and fructose (respectively – 84.8%); as well as fiber (15.4%) and pectin (32.0%); contains small amounts of starch (in 100 g – 2.7 g) and sucrose (respectively – 0.45 g).
     The total purine base content in 100 g is quite high and amounts to 35.7% of the daily norm, which should be considered by patients with gout.
     Raisins contain toxic mineral elements, especially they can accumulate strontium (in 100 g – 90.4% of the daily norm), arsenic (respectively – 25.0%) and thallium (7.5%).
Caloric content per 100 g: 299 kcal
Water in 100 g: 15.43 g
Ash from 100 g: 1.85 g
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
 
Vitamins, macro- and microelements, nutrients per 100 g
VITAMINS 
Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually*
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) 0.034-0.119 mg 4.5% 5
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) 0.056-0.136 mg 4.8% 5
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) 0.100-0.140 mg 2.4% 5
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) 0.094-0.171 mg 6.6% 5
Vitamin B9 (folic acid) 5.01-6.60 µg 1.5% 0
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) 0.0 µg 0.0% 0
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 2.3-3.3 mg 4.0% 5
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 0.12-0.17 mg 1.0% 0
Gamma-tocopherol 0.04-0.07 mg 0.4% 0
Vitamin D (ergocalciferol) 0.0 mcg 0.0% 0
Vitamin PP (nicotinic acid) 0.77 mg 3.9% 5
Vitamin K (phylloquinone) 3.5 mcg 2.9% 5
Biotin 2.0-2.5 mcg 4.5% 5
Beta-carotene 6.0 mcg 0.1% 0
Alpha-carotene 0.2 mcg 0.004% 0
Lutein + zeaxanthin 56.0 mcg 0.9% 0
Beta-cryptoxanthin 0.0 mcg 0.0%  0
Lycopene 0.0 mcg 0.0% 0
Choline 11.1 mg 2.2% 5
Methylmethionine sulfonium (Vitamin U) 0.0 mg 0.0%  0
Betaine 0.3 mg 0.03% 0

* Full jug – 100% daily norm; empty – 0-1% of the daily norm.

MINERAL ELEMENTS

Macroelements

 

Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually
Potassium 749.0-860.0 mg 32.2% 30
Calcium 50.0-80.0 mg 5.9% 5
Silicon 12.0-25.0 mg 61.7% 60
Magnesium 32.0-36.7 mg 8.6% 10
Sodium 8.9-11.0 mg 0.7% 0
Sulfur 15.0 mg 1.5% 0
Phosphorus 101.0-129.0 mg 14.4% 20
Chlorine 9.0 mg 0.4% 0

 

Microelements and ultramicroelements

 

Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually
Aluminum 514.4 mcg 1.4% 0
Boron 625.0-2200.0 µg 2017.9% 10010010010010010010010010010010010010010020
Vanadium 25.0 µg 62.5% 60
Iron 1.20-5.20 mg 21.3% 20
Iodine 0.80-3.10 µg 1.3% 0
Cobalt 8.0 µg 80.0% 80
Lithium 6.7 µg 6.7% 10
Manganese 270.0-410.0 µg 34.0% 40
Molybdenum 14.0 µg 20.0% 20
Arsenic 3.0 µg 25.0% 30
Nickel 1.60-49.3 µg 17.0% 20
Tin 8.5-12.5 µg 0.5% 0
Rubidium 176.0 µg 176.0% 10080
Selenium 0.4-0.6 µg 0.8% 0
Strontium 723.0 µg 90.4% 90
Thallium 0.15 µg 7.5% 10
Fluorine 233.9 µg 5.8% 5
Chromium 6.6-11.0 µg 17.6% 20
Zinc 220.0-520.0 µg 3.1% 5
Zirconium 0.9-1.7 µg 2.6% 5

 

PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS

 

Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually
Total protein content 3.07-3.80 g 4.3% 5
Content of essential amino acids 0.553-0.760 g 3.0% 5
Content of non-essential amino acids 1.186-1.296 g 2.2% 5

 

Essential Amino Acids

 

Acid Name Content, g per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually
Valine 0.080-0.100 3.6% 5
Histidine 0.067-0.072 3.3% 5
Isoleucine 0.057-0.067 3.1% 5
Leucine 0.096-0.110 2.2% 5
Lysine 0.084-0.100 2.2% 5
Methionine 0.018-0.040 1.6% 0
Threonine 0.077-0.081 3.3% 5
Tryptophan 0.007-0.050 2.9% 5
Phenylalanine 0.067-0.140 3.5% 5

 

Non-Essential Amino Acids

 

Acid Name Content, g per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually
Alanine 0.105-0.120 1.7% 0
Arginine 0.413-0.440 7.0% 10
Aspartic Acid 0.110-0.120 0.9% 0
Glycine 0.080-0.090 2.4% 5
Glutamic Acid 0.160-0.164 1.2% 0
Proline 0.230-0.254 5.4% 5
Serine 0.070-0.073 0.9% 0
Tyrosine 0.010-0.015 0.3% 0
Cystine 0.008-0.020 0.8% 0



FATS AND FATTY ACIDS

 

Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of daily norm
in numbers visually
Total fat content 0.46-1.60 g 1.0% 0
Content of unsaturated fatty acids 0.090-0.633 g 0.9% 0
Content of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids 0.010-0.058 g 3.4% 5
Content of omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids 0.030-0.204 g 1.2% 0
Content of saturated fatty acids 0.057-0.422 g 1.0% 0

 

Unsaturated fatty acids

 

Acid name Content, g per 100 g of product
Palmitoleic C 16:1 (omega-7) 0.040-0.284 g
Oleic C 18:1 (omega-9) 0.010-0.087 g
Linoleic C 18:2 (omega-6) 0.030-0.204 g
Linolenic C 18:3 (omega-3) 0.010-0.058 g
Stearidonic C 18:4 (omega-3) 0.0 g
Gadoleic C 20:1 (omega-11) 0.0 g
Arachidonic C 20:4 (omega-6) 0.0 g
Eicosapentaenoic C 20:5 (omega-3) 0.0 g
Erucic C 22:1 (omega-9) 0.0 g
Clupanodonic C 22:5 (omega-3) 0.0 g
Docosahexaenoic C 22:6 (omega-3) 0.0 g
Nervonic C 24:1 (omega-9) 0.0 g

 

Saturated fatty acids

 

Acid name Content, g per 100 g of product
Myristic C 14:0 0.007 g
Palmitic C 16:0 0.040-0.320 g
Stearic C 18:0 0.010-0.073 g
Arachidic C 20:0 0.000-0.007 g
Behenic C 22:0 0.000-0.015 g
Lignoceric C 24:0 0.0 g

 

Sterols

 

Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of Daily Value
in figures visually
Total phytosterols 0.26 mg 0.5% 0
Campesterol  0.0 mg 0.0% 0
Beta-sitosterol  0.11 mg 0.3% 0
Stigmasterol 0.0 mg 0.0% 0
Cholesterol 0.0 mg 0.0% –

 

CARBOHYDRATES

 

Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of Daily Value
in figures visually
Total carbohydrate content 77.00-79.18 g 22.3% 20
Mono- and disaccharides 59.19 g 118.4% 10020
Glucose 27.75 g 277.5% 10010080
Fructose 29.68 g 84.8% 90
Galactose 0.0 g 0.0% 0
Sucrose 0.45 g – –
Lactose 0.0 g 0.0% 0
Starch 2.7 g –  –
Maltose 0.0 g – –
Fiber 3.7-4.0 g 15.4% 20
Pectin 1.6 g 32.0% 30
PURINE BASES
Name Content, mass fraction per 100 g of product % of Daily Value
in figures visually
Total purine content 86.0 mg 35.7% 40

 

Units of measurement:
Piece (weight of one berry): 0.60-1.31 g
Tea glass: 165.0 g
Faceted glass: 130.0 g
Teaspoon: 8.0 g
Tablespoon: 25.0 g

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